简介
RSA公钥加密算法是1977年由罗纳德·李维斯特(Ron Rivest)、阿迪·萨莫尔(Adi Shamir)和伦纳德·阿德曼(Leonard Adleman)一起提出的。当时他们三人都在麻省理工学院工作。RSA就是他们三人姓氏开头字母拼在一起组成的。
- RSA是目前最有影响力的公钥加密算法,它能够抵抗到目前为止已知的绝大多数密码攻击,已被ISO推荐为公钥数据加密算法。
- RSA算法是一种非对称密码算法,所谓非对称,就是指该算法需要一对密钥,使用其中一个加密,则需要用另一个才能解密。
RSA算法原理
RSA算法是第一个能同时用于加密和数字签名的算法,也易于理解和操作。RSA是被研究得最广泛的公钥算法,从提出到现今的三十多年里,经历了各种攻击的考验,逐渐为人们接受,普遍认为是目前最优秀的公钥方案之一。
RSA的算法涉及三个参数,
n、e1、e2。其中,n是两个大质数p、q的积,n的二进制表示时所占用的位数,就是所谓的密钥长度。e1和e2是一对相关的值,e1可以任意取,
要求e1与(p-1)*(q-1)互质;
再选择e2,要求(e2*e1)mod((p-1)*(q-1))=1。
(n,e1),(n,e2)就是密钥对。其中(n,e1)为公钥,(n,e2)为私钥。
RSA加解密的算法完全相同,设A为明文,B为密文,则:
A=B^e2 mod n;
B=A^e1 mod n;
公钥加密体制中,一般用公钥加密,私钥解密
e1和e2可以互换使用,即:
A=B^e1 mod n;
B=A^e2 mod n;
RSA应用
RSA算法是第一个能同时用于加密和数字签名的算法。
- 在网络请求中client和server端的数据不想通过明文传输(明文不安全,如用户name),即进行RSA加密;
- 在网络请求中防止请求数据被篡改,即进行RSA签名。
RSA加解密过程图解
流程分析
- Manager根据种子构建密钥对儿,并将公钥公布给client方,将私钥颁布给Server保留;
- Client方使用公钥加密数据,发送给Server方;
- Server方使用私钥来解密数据;
RSA签名验证过程图解
流程分析
- Manager根据种子构建密钥对儿,并将私钥公布给client方,将公钥颁布给Server保留;
- Client方使用私钥对请求数据进行client签名,发送给Server方;
- Server方使用公钥对请求数据进行签名,并与client签名进行验证;
RSA JAVA版实例
##RSA加解密示例
package com.jd.y.rsa;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;
import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.NoSuchPaddingException;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.*;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
public class RSAEncrypt {
private static final String CHARSET = "UTF-8";
private static final String ALGORITHM = "RSA";
/**
* 随机生成密钥对
*/
public static void genKeyPair(String filePath) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
// KeyPairGenerator类用于生成公钥和私钥对,基于RSA算法生成对象
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = null;
try {
keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
// 初始化密钥对生成器,密钥大小为96-1024位
byte[] seed = "userid".getBytes(CHARSET);
keyPairGen.initialize(1024,new SecureRandom(seed));
// 生成一个密钥对,保存在keyPair中
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
// 得到私钥
RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
// 得到公钥
RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
try {
// 得到公钥字符串
String publicKeyString = Base64.encode(publicKey.getEncoded());
// 得到私钥字符串
String privateKeyString = Base64.encode(privateKey.getEncoded());
// 将密钥对写入到文件
FileWriter pubfw = new FileWriter(filePath + "/publicKey.keystore");
FileWriter prifw = new FileWriter(filePath + "/privateKey.keystore");
BufferedWriter pubbw = new BufferedWriter(pubfw);
BufferedWriter pribw = new BufferedWriter(prifw);
pubbw.write(publicKeyString);
pribw.write(privateKeyString);
pubbw.flush();
pubbw.close();
pubfw.close();
pribw.flush();
pribw.close();
prifw.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/**
* 从文件中输入流中加载公钥
*
* @param path
* 公钥输入流
* @throws Exception
* 加载公钥时产生的异常
*/
public static String loadPublicKeyByFile(String path) throws Exception {
try {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path
+ "/publicKey.keystore"));
String readLine = null;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while ((readLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
sb.append(readLine);
}
br.close();
return sb.toString();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new Exception("公钥数据流读取错误");
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
throw new Exception("公钥输入流为空");
}
}
/**
* 从字符串中加载公钥
*
* @param publicKeyStr
* 公钥数据字符串
* @throws Exception
* 加载公钥时产生的异常
*/
public static RSAPublicKey loadPublicKeyByStr(String publicKeyStr)
throws Exception {
try {
byte[] buffer = Base64.decode(publicKeyStr);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(buffer);
return (RSAPublicKey) keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new Exception("无此算法");
} catch (InvalidKeySpecException e) {
throw new Exception("公钥非法");
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
throw new Exception("公钥数据为空");
}
}
/**
* 从文件中加载私钥
*
* @param path
* 私钥文件名
* @return 是否成功
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String loadPrivateKeyByFile(String path) throws Exception {
try {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path
+ "/privateKey.keystore"));
String readLine = null;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while ((readLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
sb.append(readLine);
}
br.close();
return sb.toString();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new Exception("私钥数据读取错误");
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
throw new Exception("私钥输入流为空");
}
}
public static RSAPrivateKey loadPrivateKeyByStr(String privateKeyStr)
throws Exception {
try {
byte[] buffer = Base64.decode(privateKeyStr);
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(buffer);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
return (RSAPrivateKey) keyFactory.generatePrivate(keySpec);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new Exception("无此算法");
} catch (InvalidKeySpecException e) {
throw new Exception("私钥非法");
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
throw new Exception("私钥数据为空");
}
}
/**
* 公钥加密过程
*
* @param publicKey
* 公钥
* @param plainTextData
* 明文数据
* @return
* @throws Exception
* 加密过程中的异常信息
*/
public static byte[] encrypt(RSAPublicKey publicKey, byte[] plainTextData)
throws Exception {
if (publicKey == null) {
throw new Exception("加密公钥为空, 请设置");
}
Cipher cipher = null;
try {
// 使用默认RSA
cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
// cipher= Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM, new BouncyCastleProvider());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
byte[] output = cipher.doFinal(plainTextData);
return output;
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new Exception("无此加密算法");
} catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return null;
} catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
throw new Exception("加密公钥非法,请检查");
} catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e) {
throw new Exception("明文长度非法");
} catch (BadPaddingException e) {
throw new Exception("明文数据已损坏");
}
}
/**
* 私钥解密过程
*
* @param privateKey
* 私钥
* @param cipherData
* 密文数据
* @return 明文
* @throws Exception
* 解密过程中的异常信息
*/
public static byte[] decrypt(RSAPrivateKey privateKey, byte[] cipherData)
throws Exception {
if (privateKey == null) {
throw new Exception("解密私钥为空, 请设置");
}
Cipher cipher = null;
try {
// 使用默认RSA
cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
// cipher= Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM, new BouncyCastleProvider());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
byte[] output = cipher.doFinal(cipherData);
return output;
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new Exception("无此解密算法");
} catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return null;
} catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
throw new Exception("解密私钥非法,请检查");
} catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e) {
throw new Exception("密文长度非法");
} catch (BadPaddingException e) {
throw new Exception("密文数据已损坏");
}
}
/**
* 私钥加密过程
*
* @param privateKey
* 私钥
* @param plainTextData
* 明文数据
* @return
* @throws Exception
* 加密过程中的异常信息
*/
public static byte[] encrypt(RSAPrivateKey privateKey, byte[] plainTextData)
throws Exception {
if (privateKey == null) {
throw new Exception("加密私钥为空, 请设置");
}
Cipher cipher = null;
try {
// 使用默认RSA
cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
byte[] output = cipher.doFinal(plainTextData);
return output;
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new Exception("无此加密算法");
} catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return null;
} catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
throw new Exception("加密私钥非法,请检查");
} catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e) {
throw new Exception("明文长度非法");
} catch (BadPaddingException e) {
throw new Exception("明文数据已损坏");
}
}
/**
* 公钥解密过程
*
* @param publicKey
* 公钥
* @param cipherData
* 密文数据
* @return 明文
* @throws Exception
* 解密过程中的异常信息
*/
public static byte[] decrypt(RSAPublicKey publicKey, byte[] cipherData)
throws Exception {
if (publicKey == null) {
throw new Exception("解密公钥为空, 请设置");
}
Cipher cipher = null;
try {
// 使用默认RSA
cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
// cipher= Cipher.getInstance("RSA", new BouncyCastleProvider());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
byte[] output = cipher.doFinal(cipherData);
return output;
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new Exception("无此解密算法");
} catch (NoSuchPaddingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return null;
} catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
throw new Exception("解密公钥非法,请检查");
} catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e) {
throw new Exception("密文长度非法");
} catch (BadPaddingException e) {
throw new Exception("密文数据已损坏");
}
}
}
测试验证公钥加密,私钥解密过程 和 私钥加密,公钥解密过程
package com.jd.y.rsa;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;
public class TestRsaEncrypt {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String filepath = "D:\\tmp\\";
RSAEncrypt.genKeyPair(filepath);
System.out.println("--------------公钥加密私钥解密过程-------------------");
String plainText = "我是中国人";
//公钥加密过程
byte[] cipherData = RSAEncrypt.encrypt(RSAEncrypt.loadPublicKeyByStr(RSAEncrypt.loadPublicKeyByFile(filepath)), plainText.getBytes());
String cipher = Base64.encode(cipherData);
//私钥解密过程
byte[] res = RSAEncrypt.decrypt(RSAEncrypt.loadPrivateKeyByStr(RSAEncrypt.loadPrivateKeyByFile(filepath)), Base64.decode(cipher));
String restr = new String(res);
System.out.println("原文:" + plainText);
System.out.println("加密:" + cipher);
System.out.println("解密:" + restr);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("--------------私钥加密公钥解密过程-------------------");
plainText="我是中国人";
//私钥加密过程
cipherData=RSAEncrypt.encrypt(RSAEncrypt.loadPrivateKeyByStr(RSAEncrypt.loadPrivateKeyByFile(filepath)),plainText.getBytes());
cipher=Base64.encode(cipherData);
//公钥解密过程
res=RSAEncrypt.decrypt(RSAEncrypt.loadPublicKeyByStr(RSAEncrypt.loadPublicKeyByFile(filepath)), Base64.decode(cipher));
restr=new String(res);
System.out.println("原文:"+plainText);
System.out.println("加密:"+cipher);
System.out.println("解密:"+restr);
System.out.println();
}
}
结果:
--------------公钥加密私钥解密过程-------------------
原文:我是中国人
加密:SbvhC302SboXS4n842bHGOn5HODK8SW7XrPJ+9uiCwtJkm4E/IKmjVfwLu4yoseO6llFOhIrMGLB
kuv5thiDNRRDmmDjnzRjK3iqXJu8trHOwS64iFCBsO8USBNEaOlfOQjaqR0fvgu+wsLJNTAg62kv
kZemFDksT0lwW/voI2g=
解密:我是中国人
--------------私钥加密公钥解密过程-------------------
原文:我是中国人
加密:dUsxPx3mxeBNXWKlOMCzwIJW8bmcIzrBEzpp8uNAKLigZFtosP+5q3NPBfR3WZiqy/aXeBGLAwy9
tdV/lvwB/S8m9TFOFon20I1VSy4EobAMkef6G4HWhsVDoBTuqTxn26AU2Ztgf4ThKgNhDvMg6CM6
LL+sjes/+H7CNYDZiiI=
解密:我是中国人
##RSA签名验证示例
package com.jd.y.rsa;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
public class RSASignature {
/**
* 签名算法
*/
public static final String SIGN_ALGORITHMS = "SHA1WithRSA";
private static final String ALGORITHM = "RSA";
/**
* RSA签名
* @param content 待签名数据
* @param privateKey 商户私钥
* @param encode 字符集编码
* @return 签名值
*/
public static String sign(String content, String privateKey, String encode)
{
try
{
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec priPKCS8 = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec( Base64.decode(privateKey) );
KeyFactory keyf = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
PrivateKey priKey = keyf.generatePrivate(priPKCS8);
java.security.Signature signature = java.security.Signature.getInstance(SIGN_ALGORITHMS);
signature.initSign(priKey);
signature.update( content.getBytes(encode));
byte[] signed = signature.sign();
return Base64.encode(signed);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
public static String sign(String content, String privateKey)
{
try
{
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec priPKCS8 = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec( Base64.decode(privateKey) );
KeyFactory keyf = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
PrivateKey priKey = keyf.generatePrivate(priPKCS8);
java.security.Signature signature = java.security.Signature.getInstance(SIGN_ALGORITHMS);
signature.initSign(priKey);
signature.update( content.getBytes());
byte[] signed = signature.sign();
return Base64.encode(signed);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
/**
* RSA验签名检查
* @param content 待签名数据
* @param sign 签名值
* @param publicKey 分配给开发商公钥
* @param encode 字符集编码
* @return 布尔值
*/
public static boolean doCheck(String content, String sign, String publicKey,String encode)
{
try
{
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
byte[] encodedKey = Base64.decode(publicKey);
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(new X509EncodedKeySpec(encodedKey));
java.security.Signature signature = java.security.Signature
.getInstance(SIGN_ALGORITHMS);
signature.initVerify(pubKey);
signature.update( content.getBytes(encode) );
boolean bverify = signature.verify( Base64.decode(sign) );
return bverify;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return false;
}
public static boolean doCheck(String content, String sign, String publicKey)
{
try
{
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
byte[] encodedKey = Base64.decode(publicKey);
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(new X509EncodedKeySpec(encodedKey));
java.security.Signature signature = java.security.Signature
.getInstance(SIGN_ALGORITHMS);
signature.initVerify(pubKey);
signature.update( content.getBytes() );
boolean bverify = signature.verify( Base64.decode(sign) );
return bverify;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String filepath="D:\\tmp\\";
// RSAEncrypt.genKeyPair(filepath);
System.out.println("---------------私钥签名过程------------------");
String content="ak=我是中国人";
String signstr=RSASignature.sign(content,RSAEncrypt.loadPrivateKeyByFile(filepath));
System.out.println("签名原串:"+content);
System.out.println("签名串:"+signstr);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("---------------公钥校验签名------------------");
System.out.println("签名原串:"+content);
System.out.println("签名串:"+signstr);
System.out.println("验签结果:"+RSASignature.doCheck(content, signstr, RSAEncrypt.loadPublicKeyByFile(filepath)));
System.out.println();
}
}
结果:
---------------私钥签名过程------------------
签名原串:ak=我是中国人
签名串:SXWPG36JgVJufdVs7W2gCY09hfK34fVDQfl99p16MoxYE6pI1YHAKpj8laEsOy5EMCXZntlmgF4R
ubyWu6AjF9Lm9pspJrHlQdDW67vrjzqOP7qlaBzUjjeHbtxTqjZQi4zNSy1lceQtuWv4lAUjlto4
6M3MR5dv1Fe1GrxuvaA=
---------------公钥校验签名------------------
签名原串:ak=我是中国人
签名串:SXWPG36JgVJufdVs7W2gCY09hfK34fVDQfl99p16MoxYE6pI1YHAKpj8laEsOy5EMCXZntlmgF4R
ubyWu6AjF9Lm9pspJrHlQdDW67vrjzqOP7qlaBzUjjeHbtxTqjZQi4zNSy1lceQtuWv4lAUjlto4
6M3MR5dv1Fe1GrxuvaA=
验签结果:true
小结
RSA算法解决了数据在网络请求中的安全问题
- 请求数据加密 防止数据泄露
- 请求数据进行签名 防止请求篡改、确认信息是由签名者发送的
扩展
RSA是非对称加密算法安全性较好,计算性能较低。
- 解决数据加密的常用算法,还有对称加密算法DES。(原理:client和Server端商量一个密钥sk 用sk在client加密,在服务端进行解密)
-
解决数据签名的常用算法,还有MD5.(原理:平台为用户生成一个密钥颁发给用户 client用请求数据和私钥进行Md5生成signC, server端拿到请求数据和用户的私钥再进行MD5生成signS ,然后判断signS是否与signC一致即可)如百度和高德的开放平台都是选择的这一种, 计算性能相对于RSA高。
- 签名的功能: 平常在书面文件上签名的主要作用有两点,一是因为对自己的签名本人难以否认,从而确定了文件已被自己签署这一事实;二是因为自己的签名不易被别人模仿,从而确定了文件是真的这一事实。 采用数字签名,也能完成这些功能: (1)确认信息是由签名者发送的; (2)确认信息自签名后到收到为止,未被修改过。